abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky Gorky, Arshile (är`shīl gôr`kē), c.1900–48, American painter, b. Armenia as Vosdanig Adoian.
..... Click the link for more information. first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso Picasso, Pablo (Pablo Ruiz y Picasso) (pä`blō pēkä`sō; r
..... Click the link for more information. , Miró Miró, Joan (zhōän` mērō`), 1893–1983, Spanish surrealist painter.
..... Click the link for more information. , and surrealism surrealism (sərē`əlĭzəm)
..... Click the link for more information. , became more personally expressive.

Jackson Pollock Pollock, Jackson, 1912–56, American painter, b. Cody, Wyo. He studied (1929–31) in New York City, mainly under Thomas Hart Benton , but he was more strongly influenced by A. P. Ryder and the Mexican muralists, especially Siqueiros .
..... Click the link for more information. 's turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Kooning de Kooning, Willem (də k`nĭng), 1904–97, American painter, b.
..... Click the link for more information. 's first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston Guston, Philip, 1913–80, American painter, b. Montreal. Guston emigrated to the United States in 1916. His earliest role models as an artist were such Mexican muralists as José Orozco and David Siqueiros ; he later made nonobjective murals with Jackson
..... Click the link for more information. and Franz Kline Kline, Franz, 1910–62, American painter, b. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. He studied (1937–38) in England, then settled in New York City. From the early 1950s, Kline exhibited large canvases of dynamically painted black-and-white grids.
..... Click the link for more information. turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original styles—the former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann Hofmann, Hans, 1880–1966, American painter, b. Germany. After earning a considerable reputation as a teacher in Munich, Hofmann moved permanently to the United States in 1930.
..... Click the link for more information. , Robert Motherwell Motherwell, Robert, 1915–91, American painter and writer, b. Aberdeen, Wash. Motherwell taught art at several colleges and during the early 1940s he became a cogent theoretician of abstract expressionism .
..... Click the link for more information. , and Mark Rothko Rothko, Mark (rŏth`kō), 1903–70, American painter, b. Russia. Rothko emigrated to the United States in 1913.
..... Click the link for more information. ; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still Still, Clyfford, 1904–80, American painter, b. Grandin, N.Dak. Still was a pioneer in the use of the mural-sized canvas. He painted vast, thick curtains of intense color, jaggedly torn to reveal other equally intense color areas.
..... Click the link for more information. , Theodoros Stamos Stamos, Theodoros (stăm`ōs), 1920–, American painter, b. New York City.
..... Click the link for more information. , Adolph Gottlieb Gottlieb, Adolph, 1903–74, American painter, b. New York City. Gottlieb studied under John Sloan and Robert Henri. In the 1940s he created pictographs which were stylized, primitive symbols set in a gridlike pattern.
..... Click the link for more information. , Helen Frankenthaler Frankenthaler, Helen (frăngk`ənthŏlər), 1928–, American painter, b. New York City.
..... Click the link for more information. , Lee Krasner Krasner, Lee (krăs`nər, krăz`–), 1911–84, American artist, b. Brooklyn.
..... Click the link for more information. , and Esteban Vicente.

Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene.

Bibliography

See M. Seuphor, Abstract Painting: Fifty Years of Accomplishment from Kandinsky to the Present (1962, repr. 1964); I. Sandler, The Triumph of American Painting: A History of Abstract Expressionism (1970); M. Tuchman, ed., The New York School: Abstract Expressionism in the 40s and 50s (rev. ed. 1970); S. Guilbaut, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art (1983); W. C. Seitz, Abstract Expressionist Painting in America (1983); F. Frascina, ed., Pollock and After (1985); D. Anfam, Abstract Expressionism (1990); S. Polcari, Abstract Expressionism and the Modern Experience (1991); A. E. Gibson, Abstract Expressionism: Other Politics (1997); D. Craven, Abstract Expressionism as Cultural Critique (1999).

Abstract Expressionism

Movement in U.S. painting that began in the late 1940s. Its development was influenced by the radical work of Arshile Gorky and Hans Hofmann and by the immigration in the late 1930s and early '40s of many European avant-garde artists to New York. The Abstract Expressionist movement itself is generally regarded as having begun with the paintings done by Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning in the late 1940s and early '50s. Other artists who came to be associated with the style include Franz Kline, Mark Rothko, Clyfford Still, Philip Guston, Helen Frankenthaler, Barnett Newman, Adolph Gottlieb, Robert Motherwell, Lee Krasner, and Ad Reinhardt. The movement comprised many styles but shared several characteristics. The works were usually abstract (i.e., they depicted forms not found in the natural world); they emphasized freedom of emotional expression, technique, and execution; they displayed a single unified, undifferentiated field, network, or other image in unstructured space; and the canvases were large, to enhance the visual effect and project monumentality and power. The movement had a great impact on U.S. and European art in the 1950s; it marked the shift of the creative centre of modern painting from Paris to New York. See also abstract art; action painting.